The simplest form of redundancy is mirroring. In mirroring, there exist two copies of each disk block (block replication). When the client writes a disk block, the block is sent to two different servers, and the block table is updated. Thus, even when one of the servers crashes, the filesystem is still stable and consistent, because all disk blocks of the crashed server exist on the mirror server. Obviously the crash recovery overhead, in case of mirroring, is minimal. However, the runtime overhead is rather high, since each block write requires two block transfers. To make matters worse, mirroring wastes half of the remote memory used.
